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ASABE droplet size categories from Extremely Fine to Ultra Coarse
30–90%
Normal PWM duty cycle operating range for consistent pattern & droplet size
75%
Recommended duty cycle target for PWM nozzle sizing at average field speed
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TeeJet Nozzle Types Characteristics & Best Fit

Selecting the right nozzle begins with understanding what each design was engineered to do. The table below compares the most common TeeJet nozzle families used in broadacre farming — covering droplet profile, pressure range, drift behavior, PWM compatibility, and ideal applications.

💡
Key Principle (Tom Wolf, Ph.D. / Sprayers 101): Nozzle choice is fundamentally a balance between coverage and drift. Smaller droplets improve coverage but increase drift risk. Larger droplets reduce drift but require higher water volumes to maintain adequate droplet numbers. Since the early 2000s, air-induction and turbo-style nozzles have become the preferred standard for most broadacre applications.
Nozzle Full Name Droplet Range Pressure Drift Risk PWM Best Fit
XR Extended Range Flat Fan Fine – Medium 15–60 PSI Moderate–High Yes Pre-emergence systemic herbicides; controller systems; post-emerge systemic at low pressure
TT Turbo TeeJet Medium – Very Coarse 15–90 PSI Moderate Yes Versatile all-purpose broadcast; widest droplet range with pressure changes; herbicides & fungicides
TTJ60 Turbo TwinJet Medium – Coarse 15–90 PSI Moderate Yes Canopy penetration for fungicides; dual-fan front & back coverage; post-emergence
AIXR Air Induction XR Coarse – Very Coarse 15–90 PSI Low Limited Balanced drift control with good coverage; herbicides across wide speed/pressure range
AI Air Induction TeeJet Very Coarse – EC 20–80 PSI Very Low Not recommended Drift-sensitive areas; high-speed self-propelled; dicamba/auxin label compliance
TTI Turbo TeeJet Induction Coarse – EC 20–90 PSI Very Low Yes (select sizes) Best-in-class drift reduction; wider pressure window than AI; high-speed; dicamba use
AITTJ60 AI Turbo TwinJet Coarse – Ultra Coarse 20–90 PSI Very Low Yes Drift control + canopy penetration; dual-fan + air induction; dense canopy fungicides
DG Drift Guard TeeJet Coarse – Very Coarse 20–60 PSI Low Select models Drift reduction; budget-friendly alternative to full air-induction designs
Wilger Combo-Jet (all series) Combo-Jet MR / SR / UR / SR Turbo Fine – Ultra Coarse (series-dependent) 20–90 PSI Low–Very Low All series, all systems Universally PWM-compatible; drift reduction without air induction — no air-inlet flooding concern; sliding scale of coarseness by series

Sources: TeeJet Technologies Broadcast Nozzle Selection Guide; TeeJet SpraySelect; Wilger Industries Combo-Jet documentation. Always confirm PWM compatibility with your specific system manufacturer.

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Droplet Size Classification ASABE Standard S572.3

Every nozzle produces a range of droplet sizes — not a single size. The ASABE Standard S572.3 defines seven spray quality categories from Extremely Fine (XF) to Ultra Coarse (UC). Pesticide labels for products like dicamba may legally require a minimum droplet size. Always check.

XFExtremely Fine
FFine
MMedium
CCoarse
VCVery Coarse
ECExtremely Coarse
UCUltra Coarse
← Better coverage / Higher drift risk Lower drift risk / Fewer droplets per acre →

Research Findings — Droplet Size in Practice

Coarse is a strong starting point for most broadacre applications — it provides a good balance of coverage and drift control. Very Fine and Fine droplets evaporate faster, drift more, and are now restricted or prohibited on many pesticide labels. Grassy weed targets (vertical, waxy leaves) generally require more droplets and higher water volumes rather than finer sprays. Contact herbicides and fungicides need more coverage than systemic products that translocate within the plant. Source: Tom Wolf, Ph.D. — Sprayers 101

Wilger's VMD Note: The ASABE classification uses both VMD (Dv0.5) and Dv0.1 to qualify a droplet class. Two nozzles can share the same VMD of 380µm but be classified differently — one as Coarse, one as Extremely Coarse — because of the finer end of their droplet spectrum. Wilger's Tip Wizard provides actual VMD values at each pressure to give you more precision than the letter classification alone.
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Reading Nozzle Numbers & Colors ISO Standard Sizing

Every TeeJet nozzle follows a standardized naming format that encodes the nozzle series, spray angle, and flow rate size. The ISO color standard for flow rate is universal across all major nozzle brands.

TT · 110 · 04 - VP
TT = Nozzle series (Turbo TeeJet)
110 = Spray angle (110°)
04 = Flow rate size (0.4 GPM @ 40 PSI)
VP = Material (Polymer with VisiFlo® color)

ISO Nozzle Size Color Code — Universal Across Brands

010.1 GPM @ 40 PSI
0150.15 GPM @ 40 PSI
020.2 GPM @ 40 PSI
0250.25 GPM @ 40 PSI
030.3 GPM @ 40 PSI
040.4 GPM @ 40 PSI
050.5 GPM @ 40 PSI
060.6 GPM @ 40 PSI
080.8 GPM @ 40 PSI
101.0 GPM @ 40 PSI

All flow rates are at 40 PSI using water at 70°F. Actual rates vary with pressure and formulation. Source: ISO nozzle standard; Sprayers 101 (Tom Wolf, Ph.D.)

GPA = (GPM × 5940) ÷ (MPH × Spacing")
GPA = Target gallons per acre  |  GPM = Nozzle flow at operating pressure  |  MPH = Ground speed  |  Spacing" = Nozzle spacing in inches
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Nozzle Sizing Calculator Conventional & PWM Boom Sprayers

Use this tool to determine the required nozzle flow rate for your application. For final verification — especially on PWM systems — use the Wilger Tip Wizard (Section 8), which accounts for solenoid pressure drop by specific system brand.

Nozzle Flow Rate Calculator

Enter your application parameters to calculate required GPM per nozzle and get a recommended nozzle size.

Required GPM / Nozzle —
Recommended Nozzle Size —
Actual Rate at This Size —
Speed Range (30–90 PSI) —
⚠
Always verify with the Wilger Tip Wizard or TeeJet SpraySelect before making nozzle changes. This calculator provides a flow-rate starting point only. For PWM systems, the Tip Wizard accounts for solenoid pressure drop by specific system (Symphony, ExactApply, AimCommand, IntelliSpray, Hawkeye, etc.) — details this calculator cannot replicate. Always re-calibrate after changing nozzles or rates.
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Nozzle Selection for PWM Systems Precision Planting Symphony · TeeJet DynaJet · & others

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) changes how nozzle sizing works. Rather than controlling flow with pressure alone, PWM systems use a solenoid valve at each nozzle body to rapidly pulse the nozzle open and closed — typically 10 times per second. The percentage of time the solenoid is open is called the duty cycle.

①
Rate Decoupled from Speed
PWM raises or lowers duty cycle as speed changes, keeping your GPA constant while pressure — and droplet size — stays the same.
②
Size at 75% Duty Cycle
Size your nozzle to deliver target GPA at your average field speed when running at 75% DC. This gives headroom in both directions.
③
Wilger's Approach: Size Near Max Pressure
Achieve your target droplet size near your max preferred pressure (~60 PSI), so the system can drop pressure for a natural drift reduction mode at lower speeds and on turns.
④
Solenoid Pressure Drop
Nozzle pressure ≠ boom pressure in PWM. Each system has a measured pressure drop across the solenoid. The Tip Wizard accounts for this by system brand.
Duty Cycle Operating Ranges
≤20% ⚠
20–30%
30–90% — Normal Operating Range
100%
0%20%30% ← 75% sizing target → 90%100%

Below 20–30% duty cycle, spray pattern and droplet size become inconsistent. Wilger's guidance: use duty cycle as a pass/fail check, not the primary selection driver. Select the nozzle that produces your ideal spray quality at the right pressure first — then verify the duty cycle stays in range. Source: Wilger Industries; UGA CAES Extension; TeeJet DynaJet User Guide.

PWM-Compatible Nozzle Families

Nozzle Air Induction Droplet Range (PWM) Recommended PWM Use Notes
TT — Turbo TeeJet No Medium – Very Coarse Herbicide, burndown, broad-acre Most versatile; widest droplet range across pressure changes
TTJ60 — Turbo TwinJet No Medium – Coarse Fungicide canopy penetration Dual-fan improves coverage in dense canopies
TTI — Turbo TeeJet Induction Yes (PWM-approved) Coarse – EC Drift-sensitive herbicides, dicamba Best TeeJet drift-reduction option approved for PWM; confirm specific sizes
AITTJ60 — AI Turbo TwinJet Yes (PWM-approved) Coarse – Ultra Coarse Drift-critical + canopy penetration Dual-fan + air induction; maximum drift control with coverage
Wilger Combo-Jet (all series) No (not required) Fine – Ultra Coarse All applications; all PWM systems Drift reduction by tip geometry — no air-inlet flooding concern with any solenoid cycling frequency
⚠
Air Induction Caution for PWM: When a PWM solenoid cycles, it can push liquid into the air inlet of a standard air-induction nozzle — causing water to escape through the air holes and degrading spray pattern uniformity. Only use air-induction nozzles that are specifically listed as PWM-approved by TeeJet for your system. AI and standard AIXR are generally not PWM-approved. Wilger Combo-Jet tips avoid this issue entirely because their drift reduction doesn't rely on a venturi air chamber.

Precision Planting Symphony Platform Note

The Symphony nozzle system (SymphonyNozzle) operates as a PWM platform integrated with the Precision Planting 20|20 Gen 3 monitor. Nozzle sizing follows the same methodology described above. Symphony provides individual nozzle control and turn compensation — adjusting duty cycle per nozzle around curves. This makes correct nozzle sizing at the right duty cycle even more critical: when each nozzle is acting independently, sizing errors become more visible as pattern gaps or over-application at boom ends.

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Nozzle Selection by Application Type

Different pesticide classes, timing windows, and canopy conditions have different biological and physical requirements for the spray. The following is consistent with TeeJet's Broadcast Nozzle Selection Guide and Sprayers 101 research guidance.

🌿 Herbicides
  • Pre-emergence / Soil-applied: Coarse–VC; TT, AIXR, TTI; 10–15 GPA
  • Post-emerge systemic (glyphosate): Coarse; TT or TTI; 5–7 GPA; lower water OK
  • Post-emerge contact: Coarse–VC; AIXR or TTJ60; higher GPA for coverage
  • Dicamba / Auxin (XtendiMax, Engenia): Very Coarse minimum per label; TTI or AITTJ60; drift buffer distances mandatory
  • Grassy weeds (vertical targets): More water + Coarse droplets; TT or AIXR at 8–12 GPA
🌾 Fungicides
  • Early season (low canopy): Coarse; TT or AIXR; 7–10 GPA
  • Full canopy (wheat flag leaf, soybean R3): Coarse–Medium; 10–15 GPA; TTJ60 or AITTJ60 for penetration
  • Late-season dense canopy: 15+ GPA; smaller droplets penetrate better; TTJ60 at lower pressure
  • General principle: More water + more droplets = better fungicide coverage; prioritize canopy penetration
🐛 Insecticides
  • Foliar contact (aphids, thrips): Medium–Coarse; TT or TTJ60; 7–10 GPA
  • Systemic / translaminar: Coarse; TTI or AIXR; standard GPA
  • Lower canopy targets: TTJ60 dual-fan for improved penetration
  • Near sensitive areas: Very Coarse; TTI; increase GPA to maintain droplet numbers
💧 Liquid Fertilizer
  • Broadcast UAN/28%: Coarse–VC to minimize volatilization and leaf burn; TT or TTI; 15–20 GPA
  • Foliar micronutrients: Medium–Coarse; TT or AIXR at moderate pressure
  • Post-emerge foliar: Avoid fine droplets — increases foliar contact and burn risk; Coarse preferred
  • Material compatibility: Verify nozzle material resistance to fertilizer formulation
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The 4-Step Nozzle Selection Process Adapted from Sprayers 101 — Tom Wolf, Ph.D.

Regardless of what you're spraying, nozzle selection follows a consistent four-step process. Skipping any step leads to poor results — drift, off-label compliance issues, or inadequate coverage.

Step Action Key Questions Tools to Use
① Define Objectives Identify your primary need: drift reduction, canopy penetration, or label compliance. Review past nozzle performance. Note any label-mandated droplet size requirements. What failed last season? What are you spraying and where? Any auxin herbicide or dicamba label requirements? Pesticide label; your own field notes
② Calculate Flow Rate Determine the GPM per nozzle needed to deliver your target GPA at your operating speed and nozzle spacing. For PWM, size at 75% duty cycle at your average field speed. What GPA do I need? What speed will I run? What spacing is my boom? Calculator (Section 4); Wilger Tip Wizard; Sprayers 101 sizing charts
③ Select Nozzle Type Using your objectives and the nozzle matrix (Section 1), identify the nozzle series that fits. Confirm the nozzle produces your target spray quality at the pressure range from Step 2. What droplet class do I need? Does my operating pressure match the nozzle's optimal range? Is it PWM-approved? TeeJet SpraySelect; Wilger Tip Wizard; TeeJet nozzle charts
④ Verify in Field Check actual boom pressure against speed after installation. For air-induction nozzles, target 60–70 PSI at average operating speed. Use pressure as a speedometer — rising pressure = slower speed. Is my actual rate within 5% of target? Is pressure in the mid-range of the nozzle's operating window? Boom pressure gauge; catch containers; sprayer calibration procedure
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Featured Tool — Wilger Tip Wizard

The Wilger Tip Wizard is the most grower-friendly nozzle sizing tool available, and it works for any nozzle brand on any PWM system — not just Wilger tips. Tom Wolf (Sprayers 101) specifically recommends it for PWM nozzle sizing because it is the only free tool that accounts for solenoid pressure drop by specific system brand.

Free Online Tool — Brand-Neutral Sizing
Wilger Tip Wizard
Size nozzles for any brand on any PWM system with system-specific solenoid pressure drop calculations
✓  Accounts for solenoid pressure drop by system (Symphony, ExactApply, AimCommand, IntelliSpray, Hawkeye & more)
✓  Shows duty cycle range, speed range, and droplet VMD at each pressure
✓  Conventional & PWM modes; fertilizer streaming & flow indicator wizards also included
✓  Endorsed by Tom Wolf, Ph.D. (Sprayers 101) for all-brand nozzle sizing
✓  Free video walkthroughs: 5 GPA glyphosate, 10 GPA glyphosate, 7.5 GPA glufosinate
Open Tip Wizard → wilger.net/tip-wizard
Tip Wizard Inputs
Application RateGPA / L·ha⁻¹
Travel SpeedMPH / km·h⁻¹
Nozzle SpacingInches / cm
PWM System BrandSystem-specific
Target Droplet SizeASABE class
Outputs
Nozzle size & pressure↓
Duty cycle range↓
Speed operating window↓
VMD at each pressure↓
How to Use Tip Wizard for PWM (Wilger's Methodology): Enter your GPA, speed, and spacing. Select your PWM system brand so the tool can apply the correct solenoid pressure drop. Then — rather than starting with duty cycle — identify the nozzle series that delivers your target droplet quality near your maximum preferred pressure (typically 60 PSI). This gives your PWM system room to drop pressure when slowing down for turns, creating a natural drift reduction mode. Use duty cycle as a pass/fail check: if your average speed falls between 40–90% DC for the selected nozzle, you're good.
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Your Complete Resource Library

Bookmark these resources — they cover everything from official product documentation and independent research to printable field charts and video walkthroughs.

🔧 Sizing Tools
Wilger Industries · Free Online Tool
Tip Wizard — PWM & Conventional Nozzle Sizing
Brand-neutral PWM sizing tool accounting for solenoid pressure drop by system. Includes video walkthroughs for common applications. Tom Wolf (Sprayers 101) recommended.
wilger.net/tip-wizard
TeeJet Technologies · Free Tool + App
SpraySelect™ Nozzle Selection Tool
Enter speed, spacing, and target rate to receive TeeJet nozzle recommendations, target pressure, flow rate, and droplet size range. Available as a free mobile app (iPhone & Android).
teejet.com/resources/sprayselect
📄 TeeJet Official Documentation
TeeJet Technologies · PDF Guide
Broadcast Nozzle Selection Guide
Official nozzle selection matrix for herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and fertilizers across all TeeJet tip families. Includes performance ratings and pressure ranges.
teejet.com → Catalogs & Bulletins
TeeJet Technologies · PDF Guide
PWM Spray Tip Selection Guide
Dedicated nozzle sizing charts for PWM systems. Lists all PWM-approved nozzle families for TeeJet DynaJet. Speed ranges at various application rates.
teejet.com → Catalogs & Bulletins → PWM Spray Tip Selection Guide
🎓 Independent Research & Extension
Sprayers 101 · Tom Wolf, Ph.D.
Nozzle Selection for Boom Sprayers
Research-based 4-step guide to nozzle selection including the nozzle matrix, spray quality guidance, and practical field tips. Highly recommended for all operators.
sprayers101.com/nozzle-selection-2
Sprayers 101 · Tom Wolf, Ph.D.
Printable Nozzle Sizing & Calibration Charts
Free downloadable charts in US and metric units for 15″, 20″, and 30″ nozzle spacing. Designed to be laminated and kept in the sprayer cab.
sprayers101.com/nozzle-charts
Sprayers 101 · Tom Wolf, Ph.D.
How to Size a Nozzle for PWM
Tom Wolf's guide to PWM nozzle sizing methodology including the Tip Wizard walkthrough, conventional chart adaptation for PWM, and practical examples.
sprayers101.com/pwm-nozzle-sizing
University of Georgia · CAES Extension
Nozzle Selection for PWM Sprayers — Extension C1305
Peer-reviewed extension publication on PWM nozzle sizing, duty cycle calculations, and comparison of TeeJet and GreenLeaf manufacturer sizing chart formats.
fieldreport.caes.uga.edu → C1305
🎥 Video Walkthroughs
Wilger Industries · Video Series
PWM Tip Selection Walkthroughs
Step-by-step video guides for 5 GPA glyphosate, 10 GPA glyphosate, and 7.5 GPA glufosinate applications on major PWM systems including Symphony, ExactApply, and AimCommand.
wilger.net/pwm_walkthrough
Wilger Industries · Written Guide
Tip Wizard PWM Selection Methodology
Wilger's written explanation of their PWM sizing approach: size near maximum preferred pressure, duty cycle as pass/fail, VMD vs. ASABE classification nuances.
wilger.net/tw_guide_pwm
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Quick Reference — Key Terms & Concepts
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
A spray control method that uses a solenoid valve at each nozzle body to rapidly pulse the nozzle open and closed — typically 10 times per second. The proportion of time the solenoid is open (duty cycle) controls application rate independent of ground speed.
Duty Cycle
The percentage of time a PWM solenoid is open and the nozzle is actively spraying. At 75% duty cycle, the nozzle is spraying 75% of the time. Normal operating range is 30–90%. Below 20–30%, spray pattern and droplet consistency degrade.
VMD / Dv0.5
Volumetric Median Diameter — the droplet size at which half the spray volume is comprised of smaller droplets and half of larger droplets. The primary metric for describing a nozzle's droplet spectrum. Measured in microns (µm).
ASABE S572.3 Spray Quality Standard
The American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers standard that classifies spray quality into 7 categories (XF through UC) based on a nozzle's droplet size distribution at a given pressure. Used by pesticide labels to mandate minimum droplet sizes.
Air Induction / Venturi Nozzle
A nozzle design that draws air through a venturi chamber and mixes it with liquid to produce large, air-filled droplets. Results in very coarse spray quality and significantly reduced drift. Not all air-induction designs are compatible with PWM solenoid cycling.
ISO Nozzle Color Code
A universal color system identifying nozzle flow rate at 40 PSI with water at 70°F. Orange = 01 (0.1 GPM), Green = 015, Yellow = 02, Lilac = 025, Blue = 03, Red = 04, Brown = 05, Gray = 06, White = 08, Teal = 10 (1.0 GPM). Consistent across all major brands.
Turn Compensation
A PWM feature that adjusts the duty cycle of individual nozzles across the boom width during turns — slowing outer boom nozzles and speeding inner boom nozzles — to maintain uniform application rate despite differential ground speed across the boom arc.
Solenoid Pressure Drop
The reduction in effective nozzle pressure caused by flow resistance through the PWM solenoid valve. Nozzle pressure is lower than boom pressure in a PWM system. The drop varies by system brand and nozzle size, and must be accounted for in sizing calculations. The Wilger Tip Wizard applies this automatically by system.